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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Virialsatz</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Der <b>Virialsatz</b> (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Latein" title="Latein">lateinisch</a></span> <span lang="la-Latn" style="font-style:italic"><i>vis</i></span> ‚Kraft‘) ist eine Beziehung zwischen den <a href="Zeitmittelwert" title="Zeitmittelwert">zeitlichen</a> <a href="Arithmetischer_Mittelwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetischer Mittelwert">arithmetischen Mittelwerten</a> der <a href="Kinetische_Energie" title="Kinetische Energie">kinetischen Energie</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd97dce2253b73a45cf6b8dcd84546e3f033aa20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.932ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und der <a href="Potentielle_Energie" title="Potentielle Energie">potentiellen Energie</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {U}}}">
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<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {U}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19c0e1c90cfd1f74816d2ac331fe88656cfe260d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.024ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {U}}}" loading="lazy"></span> eines <a href="Abgeschlossenes_System" title="Abgeschlossenes System">abgeschlossenen physikalischen Systems</a>. Der Virialsatz wurde 1870 von <a href="Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> aufgestellt in dem Aufsatz <i>Über einen auf die Wärme anwendbaren mechanischen Satz</i>.
</p><p>Das <b>Virial</b> ist dabei nach Clausius der Ausdruck<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\overline {{\vec {F_{i}}}\cdot {\vec {r_{i}}}}}.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\overline {{\vec {F_{i}}}\cdot {\vec {r_{i}}}}}.}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33187c076e6cc7a56366c96749d15b5368b76b5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:15.024ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\overline {{\vec {F_{i}}}\cdot {\vec {r_{i}}}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hierbei bezeichnet
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F_{i}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F_{i}}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea577fb6893bf693c2c5407def00d9e474362fc0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.324ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F_{i}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die auf das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span>-te Teilchen wirkende <a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Kraft</a></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de93eb4c8bca39012a94e9809c45d7fd677bf975.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.023ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> den <a href="Ortsvektor" title="Ortsvektor">Ortsvektor</a> des <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span>-ten Teilchens</li>
<li>der Querstrich einen unten näher erläuterten Mittelwert, z.&nbsp;B. ein Zeit- oder <a href="Ensemblemittelwert" title="Ensemblemittelwert">Scharmittel</a>.</li></ul>
<p>Der Virialsatz wurde von Clausius ursprünglich als Satz der <a href="Klassische_Mechanik" title="Klassische Mechanik">klassischen Mechanik</a> formuliert (als Gleichheit von Virial und mittlerer kinetischer Energie). Er ermöglicht allgemeine Abschätzungen der Anteile potentieller und kinetischer Energie auch in komplexen Systemen, z.&nbsp;B. in <a href="Mehrk%C3%B6rperproblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehrkörperproblem">Mehrkörperproblemen</a> der <a href="Astrophysik" title="Astrophysik">Astrophysik</a>. Es gibt auch einen <a href="Quantenmechanisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantenmechanisch">quantenmechanischen</a> Virialsatz, einen Virialsatz der <a href="Statistische_Mechanik" title="Statistische Mechanik">statistischen Mechanik</a>, aus dem u.&nbsp;a. das <a href="Gasgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasgesetz">ideale Gasgesetz</a> und Korrekturen für <a href="Reales_Gas" title="Reales Gas">reale Gase</a> abgeleitet wurden, sowie einen <a href="Relativistisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativistisch">relativistischen</a> Virialsatz.
</p><p>Der Virialsatz gilt nur unter gewissen Voraussetzungen, etwa im Fall des Virialsatzes der Mechanik, dass mit zeitlicher Mittelwertbildung Orte und Geschwindigkeiten der Teilchen beschränkt sind, oder dass ein <a href="Thermisches_Gleichgewicht" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermisches Gleichgewicht">thermisches Gleichgewicht</a> herrscht.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virialsatz_der_Mechanik">Virialsatz der Mechanik</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teilchen_in_einem_konservativen_Kraftfeld">Teilchen in einem konservativen Kraftfeld</h3></div>
<p>Einen einfachen Fall stellen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
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<mi>N</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> untereinander nicht wechselwirkende Teilchen in einem äußeren <a href="Kraftfeld" title="Kraftfeld">Kraftfeld</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F_{E}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F_{E}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5536cb7a3088abc293fda07b703240b8aeb1b9fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.982ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F_{E}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> dar, das <a href="Konservative_Kraft" title="Konservative Kraft">konservativ</a>, also von einem <a href="Potential_(Physik)" title="Potential (Physik)">Potential</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi ({\vec {r}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi ({\vec {r}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2cfea3f7427562ff5dc633ca253c311a395c34b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.71ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi ({\vec {r}})}" loading="lazy"></span> abgeleitet, ist (die dazugehörende <a href="Ladung_(Physik)" title="Ladung (Physik)">Ladung</a> sei mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet, sie ist für den Fall der <a href="Gravitation" title="Gravitation">Gravitation</a> gerade die Masse):
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\vec {F_{E}}}({\vec {r}})=q\,\nabla \Phi ({\vec {r}})}">
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\vec {F_{E}}}({\vec {r}})=q\,\nabla \Phi ({\vec {r}})}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a22b4f6c527c3c8847d702b3fa69edc18802d0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.024ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\vec {F_{E}}}({\vec {r}})=q\,\nabla \Phi ({\vec {r}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Darin ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \Phi ({\vec {r}})}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \Phi ({\vec {r}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f16f3dda7ef692263c09ac6a59ec21fd72c4c198.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.646ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \Phi ({\vec {r}})}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Gradient_(Mathematik)" title="Gradient (Mathematik)">Gradient</a> des Feldes bzw. des Potentials.
</p><p>Der Virialsatz gilt, wie unten dargelegt wird, falls die Bewegung im Endlichen bleibt, also Ort und <a href="Impuls" title="Impuls">Impuls</a> für alle Zeiten beschränkt sind, und lautet
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}{\overline {T}}&amp;=-&amp;&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\overline {{\vec {F_{i}}}\cdot {\vec {r_{i}}}}}\\&amp;=&amp;&amp;{\frac {q}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\overline {\nabla \Phi ({\vec {r_{i}}})\cdot {\vec {r_{i}}}}},\end{alignedat}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 0em 0em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>q</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}{\overline {T}}&amp;=-&amp;&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\overline {{\vec {F_{i}}}\cdot {\vec {r_{i}}}}}\\&amp;=&amp;&amp;{\frac {q}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\overline {\nabla \Phi ({\vec {r_{i}}})\cdot {\vec {r_{i}}}}},\end{alignedat}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a42d80e098a888c8fcc7f3c1b7387882998b506.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.838ex; width:26.23ex; height:14.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}{\overline {T}}&amp;=-&amp;&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\overline {{\vec {F_{i}}}\cdot {\vec {r_{i}}}}}\\&amp;=&amp;&amp;{\frac {q}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\overline {\nabla \Phi ({\vec {r_{i}}})\cdot {\vec {r_{i}}}}},\end{alignedat}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> die kinetische Energie des Teilchens ist</li>
<li>der Querstrich den zeitlichen Mittelwert für Zeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau \to \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau \to \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9d637e88503e9b1f8f1029cdd2f6b748f0318f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.14ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau \to \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet.</li></ul>
<p>Nimmt man zusätzlich ein in der Ortsvariablen <a href="Homogene_Funktion" title="Homogene Funktion">homogenes</a> Potential vom <a href="Grad_(Polynom)" title="Grad (Polynom)">Grad</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> an, d.&nbsp;h. es gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi (\alpha \,{\vec {r}})=\alpha ^{k}\cdot \Phi ({\vec {r}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi (\alpha \,{\vec {r}})=\alpha ^{k}\cdot \Phi ({\vec {r}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc3eabad1230444d6a3c381674fc52bed9b918e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.65ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi (\alpha \,{\vec {r}})=\alpha ^{k}\cdot \Phi ({\vec {r}})}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha &gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edd4f784b6e8bb68fa774213ceacbab2d97825dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha >0}" loading="lazy"></span> (Werte für&nbsp;k finden sich weiter unten in <i>Folgerungen und Beispiele</i>), dann vereinfacht sich obige Gleichung mit der <a href="Homogene_Funktion#Positive_Homogenität" title="Homogene Funktion">Eulerschen Gleichung für homogene Funktionen</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Honerkamp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honerkamp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \Phi ({\vec {r}})\cdot {\vec {r}}=k\,\Phi ({\vec {r}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \Phi ({\vec {r}})\cdot {\vec {r}}=k\,\Phi ({\vec {r}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b597111256f1e6cd012f9d54c058f6f21cf3221.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.956ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \Phi ({\vec {r}})\cdot {\vec {r}}=k\,\Phi ({\vec {r}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}={\frac {k}{2}}\,{\overline {U}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>k</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}={\frac {k}{2}}\,{\overline {U}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5d4363417643e525582f4405782d0512d55331c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.137ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}={\frac {k}{2}}\,{\overline {U}},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle U=\sum q_{i}\Phi ({\vec {r_{i}}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle U=\sum q_{i}\Phi ({\vec {r_{i}}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7b44ce234435e7d1068a7e10d5f573a851552a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.37ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle U=\sum q_{i}\Phi ({\vec {r_{i}}})}" loading="lazy"></span> die gesamte potentielle Energie der Teilchen ist. Der Virialsatz ist daher eine Beziehung zwischen mittlerer kinetischer und mittlerer potentieller Energie.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Untereinander_wechselwirkende_Teilchen">Untereinander wechselwirkende Teilchen</h3></div>
<p>Für die Ableitung der <a href="Gasgesetze" title="Gasgesetze">Gasgesetze</a> und die Anwendung in der Astrophysik ist der Fall eines abgeschlossenen Systems von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> miteinander wechselwirkenden Teilchen von besonderem Interesse. Wie oben ergibt sich unter der Voraussetzung einer im Endlichen ablaufenden Bewegung der Virialsatz:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\overline {{\vec {F_{i}}}\cdot {\vec {r_{i}}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\overline {{\vec {F_{i}}}\cdot {\vec {r_{i}}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/855f6c6bb1ebe6b365af9f2ded12f27941818a3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:19.408ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\overline {{\vec {F_{i}}}\cdot {\vec {r_{i}}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F_{i}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F_{i}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea577fb6893bf693c2c5407def00d9e474362fc0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.324ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F_{i}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Resultierende" class="mw-redirect" title="Resultierende">Resultierende</a> der auf das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span>-te&nbsp;Teilchen einwirkenden Kräfte, die von <i>anderen</i> Teilchen des Systems ausgeübt werden. Da ein abgeschlossenes System betrachtet wird, existieren diesmal keine äußeren Kräfte. Da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum _{i}{\vec {F_{i}}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum _{i}{\vec {F_{i}}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a6a4cf2ffb076ee742aa57a5b2311843466f243.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.225ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum _{i}{\vec {F_{i}}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt, ist die Wahl des Ursprungs für die Ortsvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de93eb4c8bca39012a94e9809c45d7fd677bf975.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.023ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> im Virial beliebig. Auf den ersten Blick sieht der Ausdruck im Virial kompliziert aus, lässt sich aber unter der Annahme, dass die paarweise zwischen den Teilchen wirkenden Kräfte jeweils von homogenen Potentialen vom Grad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> abgeleitet werden können, wie oben auf die Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}={\frac {k}{2}}\,{\overline {U}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>k</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}={\frac {k}{2}}\,{\overline {U}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4087c1089324509e9ec41c1ab9c0c15cee4c7546.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.49ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}={\frac {k}{2}}\,{\overline {U}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bringen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folgerungen_und_Beispiele">Folgerungen und Beispiele</h3></div>
<p>Mit der Gesamtenergie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {E}}={\overline {T}}+{\overline {U}}=E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {E}}={\overline {T}}+{\overline {U}}=E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77d38e18e23314f98115643bc07977ca4dbfdfce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:16.7ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {E}}={\overline {T}}+{\overline {U}}=E}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt aus dem Virialsatz:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}={\frac {k}{2}}\,{\overline {U}}={\frac {k}{k+2}}\,E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>k</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}={\frac {k}{2}}\,{\overline {U}}={\frac {k}{k+2}}\,E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7ebf7be5ac23ad7e0fac59a850feace2f6ed9f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:20.801ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}={\frac {k}{2}}\,{\overline {U}}={\frac {k}{k+2}}\,E}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {U}}={\frac {2}{k+2}}\,E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {U}}={\frac {2}{k+2}}\,E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73632ccc083dbf6f5592578a024bea1bcd171cf0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:13.336ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {U}}={\frac {2}{k+2}}\,E}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für den bekannten Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/654e2ed2859d2ddf7f69949359f20f28977f829d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.28ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=-1}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Gravitation" title="Gravitation">Gravitation</a>, <a href="Coulombsche_Kraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulombsche Kraft">Coulombsche Kraft</a>) ergibt sich z.&nbsp;B.:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\,{\overline {U}}=-E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\,{\overline {U}}=-E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a70ef1c16e73826f7a57992fe1c460f5c49d5514.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.931ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\,{\overline {U}}=-E}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Insbesondere ergibt sich, dass die Gesamtenergie für die Anwendung des Virialtheorems im Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/654e2ed2859d2ddf7f69949359f20f28977f829d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.28ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=-1}" loading="lazy"></span> negativ sein muss (da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd97dce2253b73a45cf6b8dcd84546e3f033aa20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.932ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}}" loading="lazy"></span> positiv ist).
</p><p>Für <a href="Harmonische_Schwingung" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonische Schwingung">harmonische Schwingungen</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bd301789e1f25a3da4be297ff637754ebee5f5d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.472ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=2}" loading="lazy"></span>) gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}={\overline {U}}={\frac {1}{2}}\,E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}={\overline {U}}={\frac {1}{2}}\,E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7fe5a7203ca55dde65d7c38f2241eb7f94faac0b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.315ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {T}}={\overline {U}}={\frac {1}{2}}\,E}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ableitung">Ableitung</h3></div>
<p>Hier wird der Darstellung im Lehrbuch von <a href="Lew_Dawidowitsch_Landau" title="Lew Dawidowitsch Landau">Landau</a> und <a href="Jewgeni_Michailowitsch_Lifschiz" title="Jewgeni Michailowitsch Lifschiz">Lifschiz</a> gefolgt, wo der Virialsatz in Zusammenhang mit dem Skalierungsverhalten mechanischer Größen <i>(<a href="Mechanische_%C3%84hnlichkeit" title="Mechanische Ähnlichkeit">mechanische Ähnlichkeit</a>)</i> diskutiert wird. Dabei wird nur ausgenutzt, dass die kinetische Energie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> quadratisch in den Geschwindigkeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c1e99e843fffeae2c302f24e96edb76b2cbf915.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, und die Impulse werden formal über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {p}}_{i}={\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\vec {v}}_{i}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {p}}_{i}={\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\vec {v}}_{i}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8fe0c8ace579086b8e57cbdaae00948fb5340f1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:9.442ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {p}}_{i}={\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\vec {v}}_{i}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> eingeführt. Dann gilt nach dem <a href="Satz_von_Euler_%C3%BCber_homogene_Funktionen" class="mw-redirect" title="Satz von Euler über homogene Funktionen">Satz von Euler über homogene Funktionen</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}{\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\vec {v}}_{i}}}\cdot {\vec {v}}_{i}=2T,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{i}{\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\vec {v}}_{i}}}\cdot {\vec {v}}_{i}=2T,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68980aa30c342c7608bcbc384e0168826dcb7d52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:18.069ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}{\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\vec {v}}_{i}}}\cdot {\vec {v}}_{i}=2T,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>woraus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2T=\sum _{i}{\vec {p}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {v}}_{i}={\frac {d}{dt}}(\sum _{i}{\vec {p}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{i})-\sum _{i}{\vec {r}}_{i}\cdot {\frac {d}{dt}}{\vec {p}}_{i}={\frac {dG}{dt}}-\sum _{i}{\vec {r}}_{i}{\vec {F}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2T=\sum _{i}{\vec {p}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {v}}_{i}={\frac {d}{dt}}(\sum _{i}{\vec {p}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{i})-\sum _{i}{\vec {r}}_{i}\cdot {\frac {d}{dt}}{\vec {p}}_{i}={\frac {dG}{dt}}-\sum _{i}{\vec {r}}_{i}{\vec {F}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ce4fb981b47880ffb04e713bd3df655b1d502547.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:66.24ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2T=\sum _{i}{\vec {p}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {v}}_{i}={\frac {d}{dt}}(\sum _{i}{\vec {p}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{i})-\sum _{i}{\vec {r}}_{i}\cdot {\frac {d}{dt}}{\vec {p}}_{i}={\frac {dG}{dt}}-\sum _{i}{\vec {r}}_{i}{\vec {F}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>folgt, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> die Summe der <a href="Skalarprodukt" title="Skalarprodukt">Skalarprodukte</a> aus den <a href="Impuls_(Mechanik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impuls (Mechanik)">Impulsen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {p}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {p}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0f7ed082c99f239319703553a9784a0d8809768.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.214ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {p}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> und den Orten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de93eb4c8bca39012a94e9809c45d7fd677bf975.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.023ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> aller Teilchen ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\vec {p}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\vec {p}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/217537c630f36f86c85c27a5bbdca0aebbb1d649.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.494ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\vec {p}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Nun bildet man den asymptotischen Grenzwert des zeitlichen Mittelwerts:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {f}}=\lim _{\tau \to \infty }{\frac {1}{\tau }}\int _{0}^{\tau }f(t)dt}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {f}}=\lim _{\tau \to \infty }{\frac {1}{\tau }}\int _{0}^{\tau }f(t)dt}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6977ccba0908f84881992682f40ef7d2698669e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:21.447ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {f}}=\lim _{\tau \to \infty }{\frac {1}{\tau }}\int _{0}^{\tau }f(t)dt}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Insbesondere gilt für den zeitlichen Mittelwert der Zeitableitung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {{\frac {d}{dt}}(\sum _{i}{\vec {p}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{i})}}={\overline {\left({\frac {dG}{dt}}\right)}}=\lim _{\tau \to \infty }{\frac {G(\tau )-G(0)}{\tau }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {{\frac {d}{dt}}(\sum _{i}{\vec {p}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{i})}}={\overline {\left({\frac {dG}{dt}}\right)}}=\lim _{\tau \to \infty }{\frac {G(\tau )-G(0)}{\tau }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e6f6f5299e2c17857b391fe1b76602141a995a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:45.833ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {{\frac {d}{dt}}(\sum _{i}{\vec {p}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{i})}}={\overline {\left({\frac {dG}{dt}}\right)}}=\lim _{\tau \to \infty }{\frac {G(\tau )-G(0)}{\tau }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hat man es mit einem System zu tun, in dem die Geschwindigkeiten und Orte der Teilchen beschränkt sind (z.&nbsp;B. bei periodischen Bahnen),<sup id="cite_ref-Honerkamp_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honerkamp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so folgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {\left({\frac {dG}{dt}}\right)}}=0}">
<semantics>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {\left({\frac {dG}{dt}}\right)}}=0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51bcf7b580306a4ddff9b797ebee8409d82e089a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:11.676ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {\left({\frac {dG}{dt}}\right)}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}_{i}={\frac {d}{dt}}{\vec {p}}_{i}=-{\frac {\partial U}{\partial {\vec {r}}_{i}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}_{i}={\frac {d}{dt}}{\vec {p}}_{i}=-{\frac {\partial U}{\partial {\vec {r}}_{i}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/148ef4a6e519bbec07de6ff4f28a76677f1833cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:19.769ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}_{i}={\frac {d}{dt}}{\vec {p}}_{i}=-{\frac {\partial U}{\partial {\vec {r}}_{i}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> weiter der Virialsatz
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2{\overline {T}}={\overline {\left(\sum _{i}{\vec {r}}_{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial U}{\partial {\vec {r}}_{i}}}\right)}}=k{\overline {U}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
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<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2{\overline {T}}={\overline {\left(\sum _{i}{\vec {r}}_{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial U}{\partial {\vec {r}}_{i}}}\right)}}=k{\overline {U}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd42764cd35e0db37d5e2d0667013824b560dff0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:28.591ex; height:8.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2{\overline {T}}={\overline {\left(\sum _{i}{\vec {r}}_{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial U}{\partial {\vec {r}}_{i}}}\right)}}=k{\overline {U}},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wenn man annimmt, dass das Potential&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> eine homogene Funktion der Ortskoordinaten vom Grad&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. In dieser Sicht drückt der Satz eine Gleichheit von Mittelwerten von kinetischer und potentieller Energie aus mit Vorfaktoren, die sich aus dem Skalierungsverhalten ergeben: 2 bei der kinetischen Energie, da die Geschwindigkeiten oder Impulse quadratisch eingehen, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> beim Potential, da die Ortsvariablen mit Potenz&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> eingehen.
</p><p>Eine ähnliche Ableitung findet sich schon bei Clausius und in dem Lehrbuch der klassischen Mechanik von <a href="Herbert_Goldstein" title="Herbert Goldstein">Herbert Goldstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goldstein weist auch darauf hin, dass der Virialsatz mit Potentialterm auch dann gilt, wenn zusätzlich zu den Potentialkräften Reibungskräfte vorhanden sind, die proportional zur Geschwindigkeit sind, da diese keinen Beitrag zum Virialsatz liefern. Das gilt aber nur, falls sich ein <a href="Flie%C3%9Fgleichgewicht" title="Fließgleichgewicht">Fließgleichgewicht</a> einstellt, also Energie zugeführt wird, sodass die Bewegung nicht vollständig zum Erliegen kommt, denn dann würden alle Zeitmittelwerte verschwinden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sonderfälle_der_Mittelwertbildung"><span id="Sonderf.C3.A4lle_der_Mittelwertbildung"></span>Sonderfälle der Mittelwertbildung</h2></div>
<p>Gewöhnlich bezeichnet der Querstrich wie schon bei Clausius den zeitlichen Mittelwert für Zeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau \to \infty }">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau \to \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9d637e88503e9b1f8f1029cdd2f6b748f0318f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.14ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau \to \infty }" loading="lazy"></span>. In bestimmten Sonderfällen kann das aber auch vereinfacht werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geschlossene_Bahnen">Geschlossene Bahnen</h3></div>
<p>Liegen <a href="Geschlossene_Bahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Geschlossene Bahn">geschlossene Bahnen</a> vor, so kann das Zeitmittel durch die Mittelung über eine <a href="Periode_(Physik)" title="Periode (Physik)">Periode</a> ersetzt werden. Der Virialsatz folgt hier unmittelbar aus der Periodizität der Bewegung.
</p><p>In zwei Sonderfällen homogener Potentiale, nämlich für das Potential des <a href="Harmonischer_Oszillator" title="Harmonischer Oszillator">harmonischen Oszillators</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=2}">
<semantics>
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<mi>k</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bd301789e1f25a3da4be297ff637754ebee5f5d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.472ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=2}" loading="lazy"></span>) und für das <a href="Coulombpotential" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulombpotential">Coulombpotential</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/654e2ed2859d2ddf7f69949359f20f28977f829d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.28ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=-1}" loading="lazy"></span>), erhält man für finite (d.&nbsp;h. nicht ins Unendliche gehende) Bewegungen im Ein- oder Zweikörperproblem immer geschlossene Bahnen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vielteilchensystem">Vielteilchensystem</h3></div>
<p>Befindet sich ein <a href="Vielteilchensystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Vielteilchensystem">Vielteilchensystem</a> im <a href="Thermisches_Gleichgewicht" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermisches Gleichgewicht">thermischen Gleichgewicht</a>, so kann das System als <a href="Ergodenhypothese" title="Ergodenhypothese">ergodisch</a> betrachtet werden, d.&nbsp;h., das <a href="Zeitmittel" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitmittel">Zeitmittel</a> ist gleich dem <a href="Ensemblemittelwert" title="Ensemblemittelwert">Scharmittel</a> für alle <a href="Observable" title="Observable">Beobachtungsgrößen</a>. Da dies insbesondere für die kinetische und die potentielle Energie gilt und das Scharmittel der Energien gebildet wird aus der Summe der Einzelenergien, geteilt durch die Anzahl&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> der Objekte, lässt sich das Scharmittel durch die Gesamtenergien ausdrücken. Wir erhalten daher für <a href="Gleichgewichtssystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleichgewichtssystem">Gleichgewichtssysteme</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\frac {k}{2}}\,U}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mi>U</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\frac {k}{2}}\,U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83ca92aa33ac857bf10fd0d357e58ac7c3b59160.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:8.952ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\frac {k}{2}}\,U}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ohne Mittelung über die Zeit, denn die Werte sind zeitlich konstant (siehe auch unten die Behandlung des Virialsatzes im Rahmen der statistischen Mechanik).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Astrophysik">Astrophysik</h4></div>
<p>Für das gravitative <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>-Teilchensystem in der Astrophysik (z.&nbsp;B. als Modell von <a href="Galaxienhaufen" title="Galaxienhaufen">Galaxien-</a> und <a href="Sternhaufen" title="Sternhaufen">Sternhaufen</a>) ist die o.&nbsp;g. Grundvoraussetzung in der Ableitung des Virialsatzes, nämlich dass das System räumlich beschränkt bleibt, für große Zeiträume <i>nicht</i> gegeben. All diese Haufen lösen sich irgendwann auf, da immer wieder Teilchen durch die gegenseitige Wechselwirkung (Störung) mit den anderen genug Energie aufsammeln, um zu entkommen.
</p><p>Allerdings sind die Zeiträume, in denen das geschieht, sehr lang: In der Astrophysik definiert die <a href="Relaxation_(Naturwissenschaft)" title="Relaxation (Naturwissenschaft)">Relaxationszeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\text{relax}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>relax</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\text{relax}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a30dc191480df6fc748d5b242e036cf604bdc4f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.112ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\text{relax}}}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Sternhaufens oder einer Galaxie die Zeit, in der sich eine Gleichgewichtsverteilung einstellt.<sup id="cite_ref-Voigt_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voigt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sie beträgt bei der Milchstraße <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\text{relax}}\approx 7\cdot 10^{13}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>relax</mtext>
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</msub>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\text{relax}}\approx 7\cdot 10^{13}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a062e179c5ac7b9d76d8a89a5cec16f2015b24d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.253ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\text{relax}}\approx 7\cdot 10^{13}}" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp;Jahre (bei einem Alter von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 13{,}6\cdot 10^{9}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>13</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>9</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 13{,}6\cdot 10^{9}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f827fc425d990b9c452707ce2d027cf313da5a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.192ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 13{,}6\cdot 10^{9}}" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp;Jahren) und für typische <a href="Kugelsternhaufen" title="Kugelsternhaufen">Kugelsternhaufen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b086010e3cc3b0a4e22c858243d32ec1cc648e6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.201ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10}}" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp;Jahre. Innerhalb des Zeitraums <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\text{relax}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>relax</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\text{relax}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a30dc191480df6fc748d5b242e036cf604bdc4f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.112ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\text{relax}}}" loading="lazy"></span> erreichen 0,74&nbsp;Prozent der Sterne nach der <a href="Maxwellsche_Geschwindigkeitsverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwellsche Geschwindigkeitsverteilung">Maxwellschen Geschwindigkeitsverteilung</a> die <a href="Fluchtgeschwindigkeit" class="mw-disambig" title="Fluchtgeschwindigkeit">Fluchtgeschwindigkeit</a> und entweichen.
</p><p>Numerische Rechnungen zeigten, dass der Anteil sogar noch etwas höher liegt,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und dass der Virialsatz in den Haufen aufgrund des sich einstellenden Gleichgewichts (mit einer Anlaufzeit von zwei bis drei Relaxationszeiten) gut erfüllt ist. Nach dem Ablauf von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 42\cdot T_{\text{relax}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>42</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>relax</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 42\cdot T_{\text{relax}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad690b6c8268d0603c32deb2798fb1cff2a1e27a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.116ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 42\cdot T_{\text{relax}}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind 90&nbsp;Prozent der Sterne abgewandert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungsbeispiel:_Massenbestimmung_astronomischer_Haufen">Anwendungsbeispiel: Massenbestimmung astronomischer Haufen</h2></div>
<p>Anwendung findet der Virialsatz beispielsweise in der <a href="Astrophysik" title="Astrophysik">Astrophysik</a> und der <a href="Himmelsmechanik" title="Himmelsmechanik">Himmelsmechanik</a>. Dort benutzt man das Newton’sche <a href="Gravitationspotential" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitationspotential">Gravitationspotential</a>, das homogen vom Grad&nbsp;−1 ist. Dann gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2T=-U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2T=-U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99e5ce6916ebf3bc2bb9110656decd7df0782f8f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.488ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2T=-U}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Virialsatz erlaubt es, recht gute Ab<a href="Sch%C3%A4tzung" title="Schätzung">schätzungen</a> für die Gesamtmassen dynamisch gebundener Systeme wie <a href="Sternhaufen" title="Sternhaufen">Sternhaufen</a>, <a href="Galaxie" title="Galaxie">Galaxien</a> oder <a href="Galaxienhaufen" title="Galaxienhaufen">Galaxienhaufen</a> zu finden. Die Gesamtmasse eines solchen Haufens kann dann vollständig durch Beobachtungsgrößen wie <a href="Radialgeschwindigkeit" title="Radialgeschwindigkeit">Radialgeschwindigkeiten</a>, <a href="Winkelabstand" class="mw-redirect" title="Winkelabstand">Winkelabstände</a> und <a href="Scheinbare_Helligkeit" title="Scheinbare Helligkeit">scheinbare Helligkeiten</a> der Einzelobjekte ausgedrückt werden. Die einzige Voraussetzung für die Anwendung des Virialsatzes ist die Kenntnis des Abstandes des Haufens. Wir wollen das Vorgehen anhand der Massenbestimmung eines solchen Haufens hier skizzieren:
</p><p>Die kinetische Gesamtenergie eines Stern- oder Galaxienhaufens ist durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i}m_{i}v_{i}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i}m_{i}v_{i}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e4fdd4fbf45c010c88274a2b22479f2fb04ed31.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:15.884ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i}m_{i}v_{i}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gegeben. Aber weder die Einzelmassen&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95ec8e804f69706d3f5ad235f4f983220c8df7c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> noch die Geschwindigkeitsbeträge&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7dffe5726650f6daac54829972a94f38eb8ec127.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.927ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind Beobachtungsgrößen. Um diese einzuführen, müssen die Beiträge der einzelnen Objekte durch die Gesamtmasse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle M=\sum m_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle M=\sum m_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/456190647195204ca12e9e61481acb48be995c8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.222ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle M=\sum m_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> und geeignete Mittelwerte ausgedrückt werden. Zum Beispiel kann man annehmen, dass die Einzelmassen&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95ec8e804f69706d3f5ad235f4f983220c8df7c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> proportional zu den <a href="Leuchtkraft" title="Leuchtkraft">Einzelleuchtkräften</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48ba35055d00bcaa522bca9247c8857730998759.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.493ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind und ein leuchtkraftgewichtetes Mittel bilden (durch den Index <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> angedeutet):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\frac {M}{2}}\sum _{i}\left({\frac {m_{i}}{M}}\cdot v_{i}^{2}\right)={\frac {M}{2}}\sum _{i}\left({\frac {l_{i}}{L}}\cdot v_{i}^{2}\right)={\frac {M}{2}}\langle v^{2}\rangle _{L}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>M</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>M</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>M</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>L</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>M</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\frac {M}{2}}\sum _{i}\left({\frac {m_{i}}{M}}\cdot v_{i}^{2}\right)={\frac {M}{2}}\sum _{i}\left({\frac {l_{i}}{L}}\cdot v_{i}^{2}\right)={\frac {M}{2}}\langle v^{2}\rangle _{L}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/150c76e38f07e62a50dd917d6465884f34a4fc83.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:54.381ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\frac {M}{2}}\sum _{i}\left({\frac {m_{i}}{M}}\cdot v_{i}^{2}\right)={\frac {M}{2}}\sum _{i}\left({\frac {l_{i}}{L}}\cdot v_{i}^{2}\right)={\frac {M}{2}}\langle v^{2}\rangle _{L}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Nimmt man an, dass das System <a href="Kugelsymmetrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kugelsymmetrie">sphärisch symmetrisch</a> ist und sich im Gleichgewicht befindet (man sagt dann auch, <i>es ist virialisiert</i>), dann sind die Geschwindigkeiten über die Raumrichtungen gleichverteilt und es gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle v^{2}\rangle =3\langle v_{R}^{2}\rangle ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle v^{2}\rangle =3\langle v_{R}^{2}\rangle ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bbac9a2b0931749be86b92cdea5cb48837c9af7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.315ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle v^{2}\rangle =3\langle v_{R}^{2}\rangle ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {\langle v^{2}\rangle }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {\langle v^{2}\rangle }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0c2176705c26d9578cdcd6ab896abbb27eb8657.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.315ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {\langle v^{2}\rangle }}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {\langle v_{R}^{2}\rangle }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {\langle v_{R}^{2}\rangle }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a73428afcb004bdd5966663996cdd160e2637c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.74ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {\langle v_{R}^{2}\rangle }}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Streuungen (Abweichungen vom Mittelwert) der Geschwindigkeiten sind, das heißt die räumlichen bzw. Radialgeschwindigkeiten relativ zum Schwerpunkt des Haufens.<sup id="cite_ref-Voigt_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voigt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beispielsweise haben die Galaxien des <a href="Coma-Haufen" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma-Haufen">Coma-Haufens</a> eine Gaußverteilung der Geschwindigkeiten mit einer Streuung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> von 1000&nbsp;km/s. Damit erhält man:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\frac {3M}{2}}\langle v_{R}^{2}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\frac {3M}{2}}\langle v_{R}^{2}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3c70a7a4059fb823811b318b87b5f8ff60ce2fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.592ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\frac {3M}{2}}\langle v_{R}^{2}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Andererseits gilt für die potentielle Gesamtenergie unter der Bedingung sphärischer Symmetrie
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=-{\frac {\alpha GM^{2}}{R}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=-{\frac {\alpha GM^{2}}{R}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a978da9b85e791a296f97731920b4d793839f62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.393ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=-{\frac {\alpha GM^{2}}{R}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<ul><li>der <a href="Gravitationskonstante" title="Gravitationskonstante">Gravitationskonstanten</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li>dem Gesamtradius&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> des Systems und</li>
<li>einem Faktor&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span>, der von der Größenordnung&nbsp;1 ist und von der radialen <a href="Verteilungsfunktion" title="Verteilungsfunktion">Verteilungsfunktion</a>, also der Geometrie des Haufens, abhängt. Für eine (allerdings unrealistische) <a href="Gleichverteilung" title="Gleichverteilung">Gleichverteilung</a> innerhalb des Radius&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> ist beispielsweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =3/5}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =3/5}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ece2e4a08c9c30c6813dc016f5992bf67eb4ccb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.073ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =3/5}" loading="lazy"></span>. Im Allgemeinen ist der Faktor aus den beobachteten Winkelabständen der Einzelsysteme zum Haufenzentrum zu bestimmen.</li></ul>
<p>Durch Anwendung des Virialsatzes für die Gravitation erhalten wir die Gesamtmasse des Haufens zu:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Voigt_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voigt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M={\frac {3R}{\alpha G}}\langle v_{R}^{2}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M={\frac {3R}{\alpha G}}\langle v_{R}^{2}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a854e4da4829633fd42e51dc07a1a6de55ceb81a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.108ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M={\frac {3R}{\alpha G}}\langle v_{R}^{2}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die sich aus der Beobachtung ergebende Masse heißt Virialmasse. Da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> von der Größenordnung&nbsp;1 ist, sieht man außerdem, dass die mittlere Geschwindigkeit&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle v\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle v\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61604fdde22cb90ecdbdd2813be95b938722f54c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.937ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle v\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> etwa der Fluchtgeschwindigkeit entspricht (mit genauer Übereinstimmung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/938489e6428bb7959330df8c06c79a994811c4a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =2}" loading="lazy"></span>).
</p><p>Obwohl diese Methode der Massenbestimmung mit Unsicherheiten behaftet ist, merkte mit ihr bei der Messung von stark abweichenden Fluchtgeschwindigkeiten von Galaxienhaufen und der Deutung der Rotverschiebung <a href="Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Fritz Zwicky</a> schon 1933 an, dass ein Großteil der Masse sehr dicht in Form <i><a href="Dunkle_Materie" title="Dunkle Materie">Dunkler Materie</a></i> vorliegen könne: Die Summe der Massen der sichtbaren Galaxien des Haufens lag eine Größenordnung niedriger.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denn zur Erklärung der <a href="Rotverschiebung" title="Rotverschiebung">Rotverschiebung</a> sei eine 400-mal größere Massendichte erforderlich, als die aus den Massen der leuchtenden Materie abgeleitete Dichte. „Falls sich dies bewahrheiten sollte, würde sich also das überraschende Resultat ergeben, dass dunkle Materie in sehr viel größerer Dichte vorhanden ist als leuchtende Materie.“<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch bei elliptischen Galaxien ergab sich, dass die Virialmasse um Faktoren&nbsp;10 bis 100 größer als die leuchtende Masse ist. Im Gegensatz zu Spiralgalaxien, wo man die Masse aus der Rotationskurve bestimmen kann, ist die Virialmethode bei elliptischen Galaxien häufig die einzige Methode der Massenbestimmung.
</p><p>Eine weitere astrophysikalische Anwendung ist die Abschätzung der <a href="Jeans-Masse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeans-Masse">Jeans-Masse</a> und der Satz findet auch Anwendung in Untersuchungen zur Stabilität von Gaskugelmodellen für Sterne.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandrasekhar_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandrasekhar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Für ein durch Gravitation zusammengehaltenes <a href="Ideales_Gas" title="Ideales Gas">ideales Gas</a> als Sternmodell lässt sich mit dem Virialsatz zeigen, dass der Stern in der Endphase (wenn alle Fusionsprozesse zum Erliegen gekommen sind) nicht abkühlen kann. Erhöht sich der Betrag der gravitativen Bindungsenergie&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> durch die Kontraktion des Sterns, geht die Hälfte des Zuwachses in die kinetische Energie der als ideales Gas aufgefassten Sternmaterie und erhöht somit die Temperatur, der Rest wird abgestrahlt.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wird der Druck im Innern zu hoch, bricht die Beschreibung als klassisches ideales Gas allerdings zusammen, da sich ein entartetes Fermigas bildet (Weißer Zwerg).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tensor-Form">Tensor-Form</h2></div>
<p>Im Rahmen der <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">Kontinuumsmechanik</a> wird der <i><a href="Tensor" title="Tensor">tensorielle</a> Virialsatz</i> aus der <a href="Sto%C3%9F_(Physik)" title="Stoß (Physik)">stoß</a>freien <a href="Boltzmann-Gleichung" title="Boltzmann-Gleichung">Boltzmann-Gleichung</a> bewiesen und in der Astrophysik verwendet.
</p><p>Wenn als <a href="Grundkr%C3%A4fte_der_Physik" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundkräfte der Physik">Wechselwirkung</a> wiederum die Gravitation angenommen wird, hat der Satz die Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d^{2}}{dt^{2}}}I_{ij}=2T_{ij}+\Pi _{ij}+U_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d^{2}}{dt^{2}}}I_{ij}=2T_{ij}+\Pi _{ij}+U_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f14dac700f6b2d567cf4caa1e6256d8e69aa7b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:27.506ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d^{2}}{dt^{2}}}I_{ij}=2T_{ij}+\Pi _{ij}+U_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<ul><li>dem <a href="Tr%C3%A4gheitstensor" title="Trägheitstensor">Trägheitstensor</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{ij},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{ij},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/485daecba2ed583a35a6dd000b6088b2e72a909d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.147ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{ij},}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>dem Tensor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9de5760ded748359e36c7fb067c45f5e9642e890.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.835ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp;der kinetischen Energie,</li>
<li>dem <a href="Spannungstensor" title="Spannungstensor">Spannungstensor</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42ce380a9392d00518b08beba62abe56a194bf98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.22ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> und</li>
<li>dem Tensor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/931565effc1d5501c5d465202b13b0c0cf07fd10.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.065ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> der potentiellen Energie.</li></ul>
<p>Im statischen Fall fällt die Zeitableitung auf der linken Seite der Gleichung weg, und da der Spannungstensor spurfrei ist, ergibt die <a href="Spur_(Mathematik)" title="Spur (Mathematik)">Spur</a> der Gleichung wieder den <i><a href="Skalar_(Mathematik)" title="Skalar (Mathematik)">skalaren</a> Virialsatz.</i>
</p><p>Das Auftreten der zweiten Zeitableitung des Trägheitstensors kann aus folgender Umformulierung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> im skalaren Fall motiviert werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=\sum _{k=1}^{N}{\vec {p}}_{k}\cdot {\vec {x}}_{k}=\sum _{k=1}^{N}m_{k}\,{\frac {d{\vec {x}}_{k}}{dt}}\cdot {\vec {x}}_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d}{dt}}\sum _{k=1}^{N}m_{k}\,{\vec {x}}_{k}\cdot {\vec {x}}_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {dI}{dt}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=\sum _{k=1}^{N}{\vec {p}}_{k}\cdot {\vec {x}}_{k}=\sum _{k=1}^{N}m_{k}\,{\frac {d{\vec {x}}_{k}}{dt}}\cdot {\vec {x}}_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d}{dt}}\sum _{k=1}^{N}m_{k}\,{\vec {x}}_{k}\cdot {\vec {x}}_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {dI}{dt}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5461bebdc0eb9fcf8bfd1c2ef549d5ae72952425.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:64.574ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=\sum _{k=1}^{N}{\vec {p}}_{k}\cdot {\vec {x}}_{k}=\sum _{k=1}^{N}m_{k}\,{\frac {d{\vec {x}}_{k}}{dt}}\cdot {\vec {x}}_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d}{dt}}\sum _{k=1}^{N}m_{k}\,{\vec {x}}_{k}\cdot {\vec {x}}_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {dI}{dt}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit dem skalaren <a href="Tr%C3%A4gheitsmoment" title="Trägheitsmoment">Trägheitsmoment</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I=\sum _{k=1}^{N}m_{k}{{\vec {x}}_{k}}^{2}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I=\sum _{k=1}^{N}m_{k}{{\vec {x}}_{k}}^{2}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc8bb8a14a9d103cc8991103b29608b1d1f4234b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:15.261ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I=\sum _{k=1}^{N}m_{k}{{\vec {x}}_{k}}^{2}.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varianten_in_der_Astrophysik">Varianten in der Astrophysik</h3></div>
<p>Für Anwendungen in der Astrophysik wurde folgende Form des Virialsatzes
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d^{2}I}{dt^{2}}}=2T+\Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d^{2}I}{dt^{2}}}=2T+\Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51effd1c4aa221ceae5f15c2973187dbedfb433a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:16.694ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d^{2}I}{dt^{2}}}=2T+\Omega }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>zuerst von <a href="Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <a href="Arthur_Eddington" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abgeleitet.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandrasekhar_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandrasekhar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Für stationäre Systeme verschwindet die linke Seite, und in der betrachteten Anwendung war <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> die potentielle gravitative Energie der Teilchen einer <a href="Gaswolke" title="Gaswolke">Gaswolke</a> oder der Sterne in Galaxien:
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega =-\sum _{i\neq j}{\frac {Gm_{i}m_{j}}{r_{ij}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>G</mi>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega =-\sum _{i\neq j}{\frac {Gm_{i}m_{j}}{r_{ij}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3947510fec3c527c3e3901a8b0f275c5b81bf1db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:19.167ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega =-\sum _{i\neq j}{\frac {Gm_{i}m_{j}}{r_{ij}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>In der <a href="Himmelsmechanik" title="Himmelsmechanik">Himmelsmechanik</a> war diese Form des Virialsatzes schon <a href="Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a> bekannt (1772, in einer Abhandlung zum <a href="Dreik%C3%B6rperproblem" title="Dreikörperproblem">Dreikörperproblem</a>) und von <a href="Carl_Gustav_Jacobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gustav Jacobi">Carl Gustav Jacobi</a> verallgemeinert worden (Vorlesungen über Dynamik).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Eine Aufteilung der kinetischen Energie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> in
</p>
<ul><li>einen Anteil&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {kin} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {kin} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/93d27518b579169b89542ab23824b416d83789ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.187ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {kin} }}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Hydrodynamik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamik">hydrodynamischen</a> Flüsse und</li>
<li>einen Anteil&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{W}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>W</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{W}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9dfd7463e1a39405a8f20cb7248dc4e48ff7552b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.669ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{W}}" loading="lazy"></span> der zufälligen Wärmebewegung</li></ul>
<p>sowie bei der potentiellen Energie eine zusätzliche Betrachtung
</p>
<ul><li>eines Anteil&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{M}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{M}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f1b716a2b6bf8ba1ef2fde12b130c935880833e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.674ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{M}}" loading="lazy"></span> von <a href="Magnetfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetfeld">Magnetfeldern</a></li></ul>
<p>liefert den Virialsatz in folgender skalarer Form:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d^{2}I}{dt^{2}}}=2E_{\mathrm {kin} }+2E_{W}+\Omega +E_{M}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>W</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d^{2}I}{dt^{2}}}=2E_{\mathrm {kin} }+2E_{W}+\Omega +E_{M}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1867eb4d021245f0ade0403782cdebcd35040b29.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:33.432ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d^{2}I}{dt^{2}}}=2E_{\mathrm {kin} }+2E_{W}+\Omega +E_{M}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Eine <i>Tensorform</i> dieses Virialsatzes für astrophysikalische Anwendungen in Anwesenheit magnetischer Felder wurde 1954 von <a href="Eugene_N._Parker" title="Eugene N. Parker">Eugene N. Parker</a> gegeben<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sowie 1953 von <a href="Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar">Subramanyan Chandrasekhar</a> und <a href="Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chandrasekhar entwickelte auch spezialisierte Virialsätze für seine Diskussion der <a href="Gleichgewichtsfigur" title="Gleichgewichtsfigur">Gleichgewichtsfiguren</a> rotierender Flüssigkeiten.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In der <a href="Plasmaphysik" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmaphysik">Plasmaphysik</a> lässt sich als Anwendung des Virialsatzes zeigen, dass es <i>keine</i> stationären endlichen, durch die eigenen Magnetfelder eingeschlossenen Plasmakonfigurationen (Plasmoide) gibt.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stattdessen sind für den Einschluss des Plasmas z.&nbsp;B. äußere Wände oder äußere Magnetfelder erforderlich.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Der_Virialsatz_der_Quantenmechanik">Der Virialsatz der Quantenmechanik</h2></div>
<p>Für die <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a> behält der Virialsatz seine Gültigkeit, wie von <a href="Wladimir_Alexandrowitsch_Fock" title="Wladimir Alexandrowitsch Fock">Fock</a> gezeigt wurde.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Der <a href="Hamiltonoperator" title="Hamiltonoperator">Hamiltonoperator</a> des Systems aus <a href="Punktteilchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Punktteilchen">Punktteilchen</a> sei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=V(\{X_{i}\})+\sum _{n}P_{n}^{2}/2m.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msubsup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=V(\{X_{i}\})+\sum _{n}P_{n}^{2}/2m.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef9797f8b49b6b6f069be3fb9769c03e2ea5f490.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:28.278ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=V(\{X_{i}\})+\sum _{n}P_{n}^{2}/2m.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Man bilde den <a href="Kommutator" class="mw-disambig" title="Kommutator">Kommutator</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{n}P_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{n}P_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/600ef89263e7e3e4386308ef35b7199492f83ec0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.853ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{n}P_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, gebildet aus dem <a href="Ortsoperator" title="Ortsoperator">Ortsoperator</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72a8564cedc659cf2f95ae68bc5de2f5207a3285.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.143ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und dem <a href="Impulsoperator" title="Impulsoperator">Impulsoperator</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{n}=-i\hbar d/dX_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{n}=-i\hbar d/dX_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e069beef31d32c00434c7a4a7bfa61583f58512.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.463ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{n}=-i\hbar d/dX_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> des <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-ten Teilchens:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [H,X_{n}P_{n}]=X_{n}[H,P_{n}]+[H,X_{n}]P_{n}=i\hbar X_{n}{\frac {dV}{dX_{n}}}-i\hbar {\frac {P_{n}^{2}}{m}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [H,X_{n}P_{n}]=X_{n}[H,P_{n}]+[H,X_{n}]P_{n}=i\hbar X_{n}{\frac {dV}{dX_{n}}}-i\hbar {\frac {P_{n}^{2}}{m}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ae32ed9aa70b0ad860f9f9e2925d95af3716e60.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:58.879ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [H,X_{n}P_{n}]=X_{n}[H,P_{n}]+[H,X_{n}]P_{n}=i\hbar X_{n}{\frac {dV}{dX_{n}}}-i\hbar {\frac {P_{n}^{2}}{m}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Bildet man durch Summierung über die Teilchen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle Q=\sum _{n}X_{n}P_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle Q=\sum _{n}X_{n}P_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e47e223e6bd7a0e71fc6f891d2c8ce423023049.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.85ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle Q=\sum _{n}X_{n}P_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so folgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {i}{\hbar }}[H,Q]=2T-\sum _{n}X_{n}{\frac {dV}{dX_{n}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {i}{\hbar }}[H,Q]=2T-\sum _{n}X_{n}{\frac {dV}{dX_{n}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f98197148aeb6ef8e4b525040e8fae8493d9631.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:29.189ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {i}{\hbar }}[H,Q]=2T-\sum _{n}X_{n}{\frac {dV}{dX_{n}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der kinetischen Energie&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle T=\sum _{n}P_{n}^{2}/2m}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle T=\sum _{n}P_{n}^{2}/2m}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4893b301dc61301e7bf866fc39b1393325817ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.035ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle T=\sum _{n}P_{n}^{2}/2m}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Nach den <a href="Heisenbergsche_Bewegungsgleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisenbergsche Bewegungsgleichung">Heisenbergschen Bewegungsgleichungen</a> ist die linke Seite gleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -dQ/dt}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -dQ/dt}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10b1c9bcf02080ddc007ef50b5a62e0929c81e92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.08ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -dQ/dt}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der <a href="Erwartungswert" title="Erwartungswert">Erwartungswert</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle dQ/dt\rangle }">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle dQ/dt\rangle }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c128b956ea48073604e0466f0877be0dc6125a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.081ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle dQ/dt\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> verschwindet in einem <a href="Gleichgewicht_(Systemtheorie)#Stationärer_Zustand" title="Gleichgewicht (Systemtheorie)">stationären Zustand</a>, sodass mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\langle T\rangle =\sum _{n}\langle X_{n}dV/dX_{n}\rangle }">
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\langle T\rangle =\sum _{n}\langle X_{n}dV/dX_{n}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc73e610dcbf3b1fcd3e83e889bd5683ed1f3ad9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:24.538ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\langle T\rangle =\sum _{n}\langle X_{n}dV/dX_{n}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die <i>Quantenversion des Virialsatzes</i> folgt, wobei die spitzen Klammern für quantenmechanische Erwartungswerte der jeweiligen Operatoren für einen stationären Zustand stehen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Der_Virialsatz_der_statistischen_Mechanik">Der Virialsatz der statistischen Mechanik</h2></div>
<p>Wie der <a href="Gleichverteilungssatz" title="Gleichverteilungssatz">Gleichverteilungssatz</a> gehört auch eine Version des Virialsatzes zu den allgemeinen Aussagen der klassischen statistischen Mechanik.
</p><p>Als Mittelbildung mit Hilfe des <a href="Kanonisches_Ensemble" title="Kanonisches Ensemble">kanonischen Ensembles</a> erhält man (vgl. den Gleichverteilungssatz):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle x_{i}{\frac {\partial H}{\partial x_{i}}}\right\rangle =k_{\mathrm {B} }T}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle x_{i}{\frac {\partial H}{\partial x_{i}}}\right\rangle =k_{\mathrm {B} }T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55fe7d0ff1ee4f1788d93c3db5c76e91e7399545.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:17.241ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle x_{i}{\frac {\partial H}{\partial x_{i}}}\right\rangle =k_{\mathrm {B} }T}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle p_{i}{\frac {\partial H}{\partial p_{i}}}\right\rangle =k_{\mathrm {B} }T}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle p_{i}{\frac {\partial H}{\partial p_{i}}}\right\rangle =k_{\mathrm {B} }T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/726af772946eb197283a5b8c1507ea86a0fee340.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:17.015ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle p_{i}{\frac {\partial H}{\partial p_{i}}}\right\rangle =k_{\mathrm {B} }T}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=H_{\mathrm {kin} }+U(x)}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=H_{\mathrm {kin} }+U(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85ccdf45b6e63d7608fd35edbb29e97ad6b5031c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.327ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=H_{\mathrm {kin} }+U(x)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die untere Gleichung liefert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\left\langle p_{i}{\frac {\partial H}{\partial p_{i}}}\right\rangle =\left\langle {\frac {p_{i}^{2}}{2m}}\right\rangle ={\frac {1}{2}}k_{\mathrm {B} }T}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\left\langle p_{i}{\frac {\partial H}{\partial p_{i}}}\right\rangle =\left\langle {\frac {p_{i}^{2}}{2m}}\right\rangle ={\frac {1}{2}}k_{\mathrm {B} }T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f75dfa1bb867f8b5511c92ce8c198e9faecf4211.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:32.283ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\left\langle p_{i}{\frac {\partial H}{\partial p_{i}}}\right\rangle =\left\langle {\frac {p_{i}^{2}}{2m}}\right\rangle ={\frac {1}{2}}k_{\mathrm {B} }T}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>also einen Beitrag <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}k_{\mathrm {B} }T}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}k_{\mathrm {B} }T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5a27d7d2aff8ad46dcdc804136da92f5446130.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.242ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}k_{\mathrm {B} }T}" loading="lazy"></span> pro <a href="Freiheitsgrad" title="Freiheitsgrad">Freiheitsgrad</a> für die mittlere kinetische Energie (Gleichverteilungssatz).
</p><p>Die untere und obere Gleichung zusammen liefern den <i>Virialsatz der statistischen Mechanik</i>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle H_{\mathrm {kin} }\right\rangle =\left\langle \sum _{i}{\frac {p_{i}^{2}}{2m}}\right\rangle ={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i}\left\langle {\vec {x}}_{i}{\frac {\partial U}{\partial {\vec {x}}_{i}}}\right\rangle \,,}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle H_{\mathrm {kin} }\right\rangle =\left\langle \sum _{i}{\frac {p_{i}^{2}}{2m}}\right\rangle ={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i}\left\langle {\vec {x}}_{i}{\frac {\partial U}{\partial {\vec {x}}_{i}}}\right\rangle \,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8669630c197682bfda307ce65dc7f8facecead3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:41.384ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle H_{\mathrm {kin} }\right\rangle =\left\langle \sum _{i}{\frac {p_{i}^{2}}{2m}}\right\rangle ={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i}\left\langle {\vec {x}}_{i}{\frac {\partial U}{\partial {\vec {x}}_{i}}}\right\rangle \,,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>der auch in der <a href="Quantenstatistik" title="Quantenstatistik">Quantenstatistik</a> gilt.
</p><p>Es ist nach Clausius üblich, den Beitrag des Potentials aufzuteilen in
</p>
<ul><li>das <i>innere Virial</i>, d.&nbsp;h. den Beitrag <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {int} }({\vec {x}}_{i})}">
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</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {int} }({\vec {x}}_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7e775e8c07e987ddf5e8a8ae661b7e458ffc9b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.537ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {int} }({\vec {x}}_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span> des Potentials der inneren Kräfte (Wechselwirkung der Teilchen untereinander) und</li>
<li>das <i>äußere Virial</i>, d.&nbsp;h. den Beitrag <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle W=\sum _{i}W({\vec {x}}_{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle W=\sum _{i}W({\vec {x}}_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8052a5b39acda9078ae4dc3c99a85e6dc44a87f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.548ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle W=\sum _{i}W({\vec {x}}_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span> des Wandpotentials bzw. der Kräfte auf die Wand.</li></ul>
<p>Das äußere Virial liefert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}\left\langle {\vec {x}}_{i}{\frac {\partial W}{\partial {\vec {x}}_{i}}}\right\rangle =p\int d{\vec {f}}\cdot {\vec {x}}=p\int dV(\operatorname {div} {\vec {x}})=3pV}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>W</mi>
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<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>div</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{i}\left\langle {\vec {x}}_{i}{\frac {\partial W}{\partial {\vec {x}}_{i}}}\right\rangle =p\int d{\vec {f}}\cdot {\vec {x}}=p\int dV(\operatorname {div} {\vec {x}})=3pV}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28956cd6360ca054b0bae8c526d22b20fab1f675.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:51.222ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}\left\langle {\vec {x}}_{i}{\frac {\partial W}{\partial {\vec {x}}_{i}}}\right\rangle =p\int d{\vec {f}}\cdot {\vec {x}}=p\int dV(\operatorname {div} {\vec {x}})=3pV}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<ul><li>dem Druck <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> und</li>
<li>dem Volumen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Dabei wurde über die Oberfläche (Wand) integriert und der <a href="Gau%C3%9Fscher_Integralsatz" title="Gaußscher Integralsatz">Gaußsche Integralsatz</a> angewandt.
</p><p>Damit erhält man die Virialform der <a href="Thermische_Zustandsgleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermische Zustandsgleichung">thermischen Zustandsgleichung</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3pV=2\left\langle H_{\mathrm {kin} }\right\rangle -\sum _{i}\left\langle {\vec {x}}_{i}{\frac {\partial V_{int}}{\partial {\vec {x}}_{i}}}\right\rangle \,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3pV=2\left\langle H_{\mathrm {kin} }\right\rangle -\sum _{i}\left\langle {\vec {x}}_{i}{\frac {\partial V_{int}}{\partial {\vec {x}}_{i}}}\right\rangle \,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4eca245a5b65fe17bc911e2542a0226a27ecd364.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:33.453ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3pV=2\left\langle H_{\mathrm {kin} }\right\rangle -\sum _{i}\left\langle {\vec {x}}_{i}{\frac {\partial V_{int}}{\partial {\vec {x}}_{i}}}\right\rangle \,}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>also für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> Teilchen mit dem Gleichverteilungssatz:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle pV=Nk_{\mathrm {B} }T-{\frac {1}{3}}\sum _{i}\left\langle {\vec {x}}_{i}{\frac {\partial V_{int}}{\partial {\vec {x}}_{i}}}\right\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle pV=Nk_{\mathrm {B} }T-{\frac {1}{3}}\sum _{i}\left\langle {\vec {x}}_{i}{\frac {\partial V_{int}}{\partial {\vec {x}}_{i}}}\right\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70170882027d586e3ff972b7dd26bdaaf04847a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:32.924ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle pV=Nk_{\mathrm {B} }T-{\frac {1}{3}}\sum _{i}\left\langle {\vec {x}}_{i}{\frac {\partial V_{int}}{\partial {\vec {x}}_{i}}}\right\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das ist die <a href="Ideale_Gasgleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideale Gasgleichung">ideale Gasgleichung</a> mit dem Virial der inneren Kräfte als Zusatzterm. Das Virial kann nach Potenzen der <a href="Teilchendichte" title="Teilchendichte">Teilchendichte</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N/V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N/V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eaa155f67e3e587c18df95a5afefbeb5201bd715.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.013ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N/V}" loading="lazy"></span> entwickelt werden (siehe: <a href="Virialgleichungen#Virialentwicklung:_Betrachtung_der_statistischen_Mechanik" title="Virialgleichungen">Virialentwicklung</a>) für die Entwicklung von Zustandsgleichungen für <a href="Reales_Gas" title="Reales Gas">reale Gase</a>.
</p><p>Die Ableitung der Gasgleichung war das Hauptziel der ursprünglichen Arbeit von Clausius, wobei er den Virialsatz der Mechanik als Grundlage benutzte.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Der_Virialsatz_der_Relativitätstheorie"><span id="Der_Virialsatz_der_Relativit.C3.A4tstheorie"></span>Der Virialsatz der Relativitätstheorie</h2></div>
<p>Es gibt auch einen <a href="Relativistisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativistisch">relativistischen</a> Virialsatz. Für Teilchen in Wechselwirkung mit <a href="Elektromagnetisches_Feld" title="Elektromagnetisches Feld">elektromagnetischen Feldern</a> findet er sich im Lehrbuch der theoretischen Physik von Landau und Lifschitz,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> er lässt sich aber auch für andere <a href="Fundamentale_Wechselwirkung" title="Fundamentale Wechselwirkung">Wechselwirkungen</a> formulieren.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Da die Spur des <a href="Energie-Impuls-Tensor" title="Energie-Impuls-Tensor">Energie-Impuls-Tensors</a> des elektromagnetischen Feldes verschwindet, kann man – unter Verwendung des <a href="Vierdimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Vierdimensional">vierdimensionalen</a> <a href="Energieerhaltungssatz" title="Energieerhaltungssatz">Energieerhaltungssatzes</a> für Systeme mit beschränkter Bewegung (Impulse, Koordinaten u.&nbsp;a. variieren zwischen endlichen Schranken, die elektromagnetischen Felder verschwinden im Unendlichen) – ähnlich wie beim klassischen Virialsatz durch Mittelung über die Zeit zeigen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=\langle \sum _{i}m_{i}c^{2}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\left({\frac {v_{i}}{c}}\right)^{2}}}}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=\langle \sum _{i}m_{i}c^{2}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\left({\frac {v_{i}}{c}}\right)^{2}}}}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86b89c5b927fc504c0878d99a0b39b68e18db6ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:27.932ex; height:8.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=\langle \sum _{i}m_{i}c^{2}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\left({\frac {v_{i}}{c}}\right)^{2}}}}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<ul><li>der Gesamtenergie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle E=\int {\overline {T_{0}^{0}}}\mathrm {d} V=\int {\overline {T_{\alpha }^{\alpha }}}\mathrm {d} V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msubsup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msubsup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle E=\int {\overline {T_{0}^{0}}}\mathrm {d} V=\int {\overline {T_{\alpha }^{\alpha }}}\mathrm {d} V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a80c56aa5fb4a5be717e12a5933271fd05b7e05b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.75ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle E=\int {\overline {T_{0}^{0}}}\mathrm {d} V=\int {\overline {T_{\alpha }^{\alpha }}}\mathrm {d} V}" loading="lazy"></span> des Systems
<ul><li>dem Energie-Impuls-Tensor&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T^{\alpha \,\beta }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T^{\alpha \,\beta }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca5deac6547b2318f30dd00b859fe875cb03ef45.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.333ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T^{\alpha \,\beta }}" loading="lazy"></span> des Gesamtsystems aus Teilchen und Feldern</li>
<li>dem vierdimensionalen Index&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =0,1,2,3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =0,1,2,3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a7a6abe3018e4e3d9175738e4274813400a86ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.338ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =0,1,2,3}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>der Spur&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\alpha }^{\alpha }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\alpha }^{\alpha }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f435185af6ddca37744dab28049c5b150656b9cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.004ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\alpha }^{\alpha }}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei die <a href="Einsteinsche_Summationskonvention" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsteinsche Summationskonvention">Einsteinsche Summationskonvention</a> verwendet wird.</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>Für kleine Geschwindigkeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v\ll c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>≪<!-- ≪ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v\ll c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eeae20cf8308560968c220b5c0da3d2b6a48e8d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v\ll c}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich die klassische Form des Virialsatzes für das <a href="Coulombpotential" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulombpotential">Coulombpotential</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E-\sum _{i}m_{i}c^{2}=-{\overline {E}}_{\mathrm {kin} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E-\sum _{i}m_{i}c^{2}=-{\overline {E}}_{\mathrm {kin} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/003bf6814a24f08b0070b576a78b3287800f0324.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:22.567ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E-\sum _{i}m_{i}c^{2}=-{\overline {E}}_{\mathrm {kin} }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei die <a href="Ruheenergie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruheenergie">Ruheenergien</a> der Teilchen von der Gesamtenergie abgezogen werden.
</p><p>Relativistische Versionen des Virialsatzes wurden schon von <a href="Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> angewandt auf <a href="Wei%C3%9Fer_Zwerg" title="Weißer Zwerg">Weiße Zwerge</a>. Er untersuchte auch Versionen in der <a href="Allgemeine_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie">allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie</a> im Rahmen der Post-Newton-Näherung.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Lew_Dawidowitsch_Landau" title="Lew Dawidowitsch Landau">L. D. Landau</a>, <a href="Jewgeni_Michailowitsch_Lifschiz" title="Jewgeni Michailowitsch Lifschiz">E. M. Lifschitz</a>: <i>Lehrbuch der theoretischen Physik, Bd.&nbsp;1. Mechanik</i>. Deutsch, Frankfurt/M. 2004, ISBN 3-8171-1326-9.</li></ul>
<dl><dd><i>Gibt eine einfache Herleitung des skalaren Virialsatzes.</i></dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="James_Binney" title="James Binney">James Binney</a>, <a href="Scott_Tremaine" title="Scott Tremaine">Scott Tremaine</a>: <i>Galactic Dynamics.</i> Princeton Series in Astrophysics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. 1988, ISBN 0-691-08445-9.</li></ul>
<dl><dd><i>Hier findet man die tensorielle Verallgemeinerung und Anwendungen.</i></dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Wilhelm_Brenig" title="Wilhelm Brenig">Wilhelm Brenig</a>: <i>Statistische Theorie der Wärme.</i> 3.&nbsp;Auflage, Springer 1992, S.&nbsp;144&nbsp;f. (Virialsatz in statistischer Mechanik).</li>
<li>George W. Collins: <i>The Virial Theorem in Stellar Astrophysics.</i> Pachart Press, 1978, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bifrost.cwru.edu/personal/collins/virial/">Online.</a></li>
<li><a href="Richard_Becker_(Physiker)" title="Richard Becker (Physiker)">R. Becker</a>: <i>Theorie der Wärme.</i> 1961, S.&nbsp;85 (zum äußeren Virial).</li>
<li><a href="Albrecht_Uns%C3%B6ld" title="Albrecht Unsöld">Albrecht Unsöld</a>: <i>Der neue Kosmos.</i> Springer, 2. Aufl., 1974, S. 283, Ableitung und Bedeutung für die Berechnung des Aufbaus von Sternen. (Nicht im 1966er <a href="Bibliographisches_Institut" title="Bibliographisches Institut">B.I.</a>-Taschenbuch.)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>John Baez: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/virial.html"><i>The Virial Theorem Made Easy.</i></a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise_und_Anmerkungen">Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">R. Clausius</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k152258/f138.image"><i>Über einen auf die Wärme anwendbaren mechanischen Satz.</i></a> Annalen der Physik, Band&nbsp;217, 1870, S.&nbsp;124–130.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Goldstein-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Herbert_Goldstein" title="Herbert Goldstein">H. Goldstein</a>: <i>Klassische Mechanik.</i> Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1978, S.&nbsp;76&nbsp;f.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Definitionen des Virials variieren etwas, z.&nbsp;B. lassen sowohl <a href="Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> in seinen Vorlesungen über Thermodynamik (ETH Zürich 1958) als auch das unten zitierte Buch von Honerkamp den Vorfaktor&nbsp;−1/2 in der Definition des Virials weg und Pauli lässt auch die Mittelbildung weg.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Honerkamp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Honerkamp_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Honerkamp_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Honerkamp, <a href="Hartmann_R%C3%B6mer" title="Hartmann Römer">H. Römer</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Klassische Theoretische Physik</cite>. Springer, 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-23262-6 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=AcMoBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA43#v=onepage">Kapitel 2.12: <i>Der Virialsatz.</i></a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Virialsatz&amp;rft.au=J.+Honerkamp%2C+H.+R%C3%B6mer&amp;rft.btitle=Klassische+Theoretische+Physik&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783642232626&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Julius_Wess" title="Julius Wess">J. Wess</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Theoretische Mechanik</cite>. Springer-Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-74869-4 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=0bwfBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA56#v=onepage">Kapitel 13: <i>Homogene Potenziale.</i></a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Virialsatz&amp;rft.au=J.+Wess&amp;rft.btitle=Theoretische+Mechanik&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783540748694&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Voigt-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Voigt_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Voigt_6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Voigt_6-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Voigt: <i>Abriss der Astronomie.</i> BI Verlag, 1980, S.&nbsp;367&nbsp;ff., S.&nbsp;487.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastian von Hoerner: <i><a href="Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Astrophysik" title="Zeitschrift für Astrophysik">Zeitschrift für Astrophysik</a>.</i> Band&nbsp;50, 1960, 184. Danach etwa fünfmal höher.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Tayler: <i>Galaxien. Aufbau und Entwicklung.</i> Vieweg, 1986, S.&nbsp;120.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Unsöld, B. Baschek: <i>Der neue Kosmos.</i> Springer, 1988, S.&nbsp;346.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Zwicky, <i>Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln.</i> Helvetica Physica Acta, Band 6, 1933, S. 125. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933AcHPh...6..110Z">Online</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Chandrasekhar-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chandrasekhar_11-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chandrasekhar_11-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">S. Chandrasekhar</a>: <i>An introduction to the study of stellar structure.</i> Chicago 1939, S.&nbsp;51&nbsp;ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Hillebrandt, Ewald Müller: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de/lectures/TASTRO_SS08/tastro-2.pdf"><i>Einführung in die Theoretische Astrophysik.</i></a> Skript der TU&nbsp;München, 2008, Kapitel&nbsp;2 (PDF).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">H. Poincaré</a>: <i>Leçons sur les hypothèses cosmogoniques.</i> Paris 1911.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Arthur_Eddington" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Eddington">A. Eddington</a>: <i>Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc.</i> 76, 1916, 528.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Chandrasekhar: <i>Hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability.</i> Oxford University Press, 1961, S.&nbsp;596.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henrik Beuther: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpia.de/homes/beuther/collapse1.pdf"><i>Sternentstehung.</i></a> Skript, 2009 (PDF; 2,8&nbsp;MB).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Eugene_N._Parker" title="Eugene N. Parker">E. Parker</a>: <i>Tensor Virial Equations.</i> Physical Review 96, 1954, 1686–1689.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Chandrasekhar, <a href="Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">E. Fermi</a>: <i>Problems of Gravitational Stability in the Presence of a Magnetic Field.</i> Astrophysical Journal, 118, 1953, 116.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Chandrasekhar: <i>Ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium.</i> Yale University Press, 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">George Schmidt: <i>Physics of High Temperature Plasmas.</i> Academic Press, 1979, S.&nbsp;72.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Wladimir_Alexandrowitsch_Fock" title="Wladimir Alexandrowitsch Fock">W. A. Fock</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bemerkung zum Virialsatz</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a></cite>. 63. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>11</span>, 1930, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>855–858</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01339281">10.1007/BF01339281</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Virialsatz&amp;rft.atitle=Bemerkung+zum+Virialsatz&amp;rft.au=W.+A.+Fock&amp;rft.date=1930&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF01339281&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&amp;rft.pages=855-858&amp;rft.volume=63.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Landau, Lifschitz, <i>Klassische Feldtheorie.</i> Band&nbsp;2, Akademie Verlag, 1977, S.&nbsp;99&nbsp;f., §&nbsp;34.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Gaite: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0722"><i>The relativistic virial theorem and scale invariance.</i></a> Physics Uspekhi, Band&nbsp;56, 2013, S.&nbsp;919.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Chandrasekhar: <i>The Post-Newtonian Equations of Hydrodynamics in General Relativity.</i> Astrophysical Journal, Band&nbsp;142, 1965, S.&nbsp;1488–1512, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965ApJ...142.1488C">1965ApJ...142.1488C</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">George W. Collins: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bifrost.cwru.edu/personal/collins/virial/"><i>The Virial Theorem in Stellar Astrophysics.</i></a> Pachart Press, 1978, Kapitel&nbsp;2.</span>
</li>
</ol>
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4218966-4">4218966-4</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85143793">sh85143793</a></span> </div>
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